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While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of its regional operating companies, and was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses.

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ĭue to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's source code as a trade secret to anyone who asked. The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. Main article: History of Linux Precursors Linus Torvalds, principal author of the Linux kernel The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with an exception for system calls that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under the GPL.

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The source code may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL).

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Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. This includes routers, automation controls, smart home devices, video game consoles, televisions (Samsung and LG Smart TVs), automobiles (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota), and spacecraft ( Falcon 9 rocket, Dragon crew capsule, and the Perseverance rover). Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e., devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one million web servers' operating systems are Linux), leads other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is used on all of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers (as of November 2017, having gradually displaced all competitors). Although Linux is, as of November 2022, used by only around 2.6 percent of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based ChromeOS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 notebook sales in the US.

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Because of the dominance of Linux-based Android on smartphones, Linux, including Android, has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems as of May 2022. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.

Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose. Distributions intended for servers may not have a graphical user interface at all, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma.

Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise. Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora Linux, Arch Linux, and Ubuntu. Many Linux distributions use the word 'Linux' in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses and recommends the name ' GNU/Linux' to emphasize the use and importance of GNU software in many distributions, causing some controversy. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Linux ( / ˈ l ɪ n ʊ k s/ LIN-uuks) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Most distributions include a desktop environment ( GUI).

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